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Increases in the expression of various molecules that have been noted in reactive astrocytes across multiple contexts include GFAP, vimentin, nestin (probably labelling proliferating astrocytes), synemin plectin, -crystallin B chain, monoaminoxodase-B (MAO-B), heat shock factor binding protein 1, complement C3, lipocalin 2, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10, SerpinA3N, LCN2 and others, 20,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103 but it important to note that no single molecular marker (including GFAP) is an absolute, required and sufficient, indicator of astrocyte reactivity, and no molecular markers have yet been identified that reliably distinguish amongst different reactive astrocyte phenotypes
Acute measurements that will require more extensive study are needed before any meaningful conclusion can be made regarding the long-term prospects for combination therapy as mixture or for a single molecule with integrated dual agonism